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Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System, by Douglas S. Massey
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The United States holds the dubious distinction of having the most unequal income distribution of any advanced industrialized nation. While other developed countries face similar challenges from globalization and technological change, none rivals America’s singularly poor record for equitably distributing the benefits and burdens of recent economic shifts. In Categorically Unequal, Douglas Massey weaves together history, political economy, and even neuropsychology to provide a comprehensive explanation of how America’s culture and political system perpetuates inequalities between different segments of the population.
Categorically Unequal is striking both for its theoretical originality and for the breadth of topics it covers. Massey argues that social inequalities arise from the universal human tendency to place others into social categories. In America, ethnic minorities, women, and the poor have consistently been the targets of stereotyping, and as a result, they have been exploited and discriminated against throughout the nation’s history. African-Americans continue to face discrimination in markets for jobs, housing, and credit. Meanwhile, the militarization of the U.S.-Mexican border has discouraged Mexican migrants from leaving the United States, creating a pool of exploitable workers who lack the legal rights of citizens. Massey also shows that women’s advances in the labor market have been concentrated among the affluent and well-educated, while low-skilled female workers have been relegated to occupations that offer few chances for earnings mobility. At the same time, as the wages of low-income men have fallen, more working-class women are remaining unmarried and raising children on their own. Even as minorities and women continue to face these obstacles, the progressive legacy of the New Deal has come under frontal assault. The government has passed anti-union legislation, made taxes more regressive, allowed the real value of the federal minimum wage to decline, and drastically cut social welfare spending. As a result, the income gap between the richest and poorest has dramatically widened since 1980. Massey attributes these anti-poor policies in part to the increasing segregation of neighborhoods by income, which has insulated the affluent from the social consequences of poverty, and to the disenfranchisement of the poor, as the population of immigrants, prisoners, and ex-felons swells.
America’s unrivaled disparities are not simply the inevitable result of globalization and technological change. As Massey shows, privileged groups have systematically exploited and excluded many of their fellow Americans. By delving into the root causes of inequality in America, Categorically Unequal provides a compelling argument for the creation of a more equitable society.
A Volume in the Russell Sage Foundation's Centennial Series
- Sales Rank: #218757 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Russell Sage Foundation Publications
- Published on: 2008-10-16
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .94" w x 6.00" l, .99 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 340 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
About the Author
DOUGLAS S. MASSEY is the Henry G. Bryant Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs at Princeton University.
Most helpful customer reviews
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Categorically Unequal reads more like...
By BlueAardvark
Categorically Unequal reads more like an academic paper than a popular nonfiction book. It has a good overview of stratification and references a lot of research about stratification in the US. It was certainly eye opening.
I would have given Categorically Unequal 5 stars as an informative book. I gave it 3 stars because the way it pushes the liberal agenda is too neat and one-sided.
23 of 23 people found the following review helpful.
Best introduction to the topic of social stratification in the U.S.
By Martin Hughes
Although this is not a textbook (strictly speaking), it reads like one, which is what I think the author intended. It is a concise and inexpensive introduction to the history of social inequality in the United States. Massey is one of the premier sociologists of stratification, so much of the literature he reviews, summarizes, and describes here is his own, or that of the many people he has trained and/or collaborated with over the years. No one knows the research better than he does, and it shows. Not only that, but he writes in a style that is accessible to the uninitiated reader.
Massey is a sociologist, but he approaches the topic of stratification from the perspective of cognitive psychology. He discusses how humans tend to lump people into categorical groups based on social characteristics. In the U.S. the most salient characteristics have been race, gender, and social class. He describes how our response to people in the preferred categories ('in-group'), as well as those in other categories ('out-groups') is to some extent 'hard-wired' in our brains and thus operates at a subconscious level. These primal prejudices have resulted in institutional practices and individual behaviors that have disadvantaged the poor, women, and people of color. Even some of the more progressive social welfare policies of the 20th century were intentionally crafted to exclude these 'undesirable' groups.
This book is a real eye-opener, but it is bound to frustrate some readers because Massey debunks the popular myth that America is a land of equal opportunity, in which any individual can succeed by dint of hard work and talent, irrespective of social characteristics. He does concede that there has been some recent improvement for certain disadvantaged groups, but he also demonstrates how past inequality persists - and can even compound its effect - into the present. Although I found his lapses into conventional liberal rhetoric annoying, his arguments were persuasive because of the overwhelming evidence he presents. If you're looking for an entry point into the sociological research on stratification, you can't do any better than this.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent book, great scholar
By doug korty
I cannot improve on the brilliant 5 star review by Martin Hughes. I take off one point because the book is not going to win any prizes for being interesting reading. It is too academic for most people. But it is an excellent book by a scholar with a well deserved reputation. Lots of information, good statistics, good references (40 pages), good index. Good books and other information on equal opportunity here: mwir equalopportunity blogspot com. I create educational websites, Midwest Independent Research.
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